The persistent issues of low language proficiency, inequality of opportunity, and inadequate governmental oversight continue to plague senior secondary vocational education (mbo) in the Netherlands. Repeated reports from the Education Inspectorate and the Netherlands Court of Audit highlight the lack of progress in these critical areas, despite increased funding.

A significant concern is the consistently low language level among mbo students. The Education Inspectorate has repeatedly found that many students graduate without achieving the required language proficiency, leading to functional illiteracy and hindering their ability to participate fully in society. This problem has been flagged in reports dating back to at least 2023.

Inequality of opportunity also remains a major challenge. Students with a migration background and those from less educated families face discrimination and have fewer chances to advance to higher levels of education.

The Netherlands Court of Audit has criticized Education Minister Eppo Bruins for a lack of direction and accountability in mbo policy. The Court questions the effectiveness of the substantial extra funding allocated to mbo, particularly the one billion euros earmarked for equal opportunities. Similar concerns were raised in February 2024 regarding the previous minister’s approach. The Court of Audit struggles to determine what exactly the Ministry’s policy achieves and with what students.

A proposed solution to improve language education involves abolishing central exams and generic reference levels. An ‘expert group’ advising Minister Bruins suggests that each field of study should implement its own tailored language requirements and allow schools to assess their students. However, this approach raises concerns about potentially lowering standards and further exacerbating inequality of opportunity. The suggestion takes the sector back to a time before standardisation.